時間：2023-03-16 16:35:47
引言：易發(fā)表網(wǎng)憑借豐富的文秘實踐，為您精心挑選了九篇英文畢業(yè)論文范例。如需獲取更多原創(chuàng)內(nèi)容，可隨時聯(lián)系我們的客服老師。
摘要：畢業(yè)論文是學生積數(shù)年習得的知識和學術(shù)理念的精華體現(xiàn)，但如今其現(xiàn)狀不盡如人意。本文從畢業(yè)論文的現(xiàn)狀入手，通過調(diào)查，分析現(xiàn)狀成因，進而反思英文寫作課教學并提出其定位。
畢業(yè)論文和學位論文通常是有一定長度并有文獻資料佐證的學術(shù)研究論文，專門對科學領(lǐng)域中的某些問題或現(xiàn)象進行探討研究，具有科學性和創(chuàng)見性。畢業(yè)論文的完成是學生在掌握本專業(yè)要求的全部知識、理論和技能的基礎上進行綜合運用，獨立地、創(chuàng)造性地解決理論和實際問題的一項活動，是學生從事獨立科研工作的起點，也是展示自己專業(yè)水平和科研能力的一次機會。更重要的是，畢業(yè)論文寫作的優(yōu)劣是決定學生畢業(yè)時可否被授予學士學位的重要依據(jù)。因此，畢業(yè)論文的寫作應當受到高度重視。然而，目前的本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量令人擔憂，曾有文章比之為“雞肋”，意為“棄之可惜，食之無味”。就英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文而言，情況則更應引起重視。
一、論文現(xiàn)狀根據(jù)教學進度的要求，英語專業(yè)的學生在第八學期開學伊始就要準備論文開題報告，從而進入實質(zhì)性的論文寫作過程。下面是在各個環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的問題。
1.選題草率，研究方向不確定。學生在選題時不夠慎重，沒有經(jīng)過嚴肅的思考，有的同學僅憑一時興起就定下題目，如《論佛教在中國的發(fā)展》。且不說這個題目大小，其內(nèi)容本身就已超出專業(yè)范圍，用英文撰寫對本科生也實屬力所難逮。還有的同學選題為‘OnReading’，研究方向不確定，泛泛而談，不知側(cè)重在哪里。雖然從表面上看，有些情況屬于個案，但事實上，近幾年，題目難以確定的現(xiàn)象越來越多，有的已經(jīng)導師認可的題目，學生在進行下一步工作之前又有較大改變，甚至改變研究方向。
2.資料收集倉促，時而迷失方向。論文中表達的觀點和論點一般是以資料研究為基礎的，如果僅憑一兩本或幾篇文章，就想從中得出令人信服的結(jié)論是不可能的，即使得出結(jié)論，也沒有多大說服力，因為資料太少，不足為證。然而，學生收集資料缺乏系統(tǒng)性，覺得不夠用了則難以繼續(xù)，轉(zhuǎn)而換題，資料跟著題目變，倉促之間，迷失方向不知所措。
3.論文撰寫問題重重。撰寫論文要對收集到的資料進行閱讀、做筆記、研究和整理之后，用自己的語言將其串聯(lián)起來，說明論點、擺出論據(jù)、完成論證。如果只是把收集到的資料堆積在一起，東一段、西一段地拼湊下來，不能稱其為論文。而大部分學生恰恰是以堆積為主，自己陳述為輔，論點跟著論據(jù)走，缺乏一致性，連貫性和邏輯性。另外，從論文整體的文字上看，資料部分用詞專業(yè)、準確，句子相對復雜，而學生自己的陳述則語法錯誤頻頻出現(xiàn)，句子簡單并口語化。
二、現(xiàn)狀的成因
1.形勢與應試的導向。近幾年的擴招使學生數(shù)量有所上升，而教師的數(shù)量不但基本上沒有上升，還有不少人投入國內(nèi)外的進修學習而不能擔任課程。由于課程負擔過重，使教師不堪重負而有意無意地忽視了寫作課實踐環(huán)節(jié)以及批閱后的反饋。全國統(tǒng)一安排的英語專業(yè)四、八級考試合格證已成為評定英語專業(yè)水平的重要砝碼，在社會和校方的大力關(guān)注下，學生認識到四級考試決定畢業(yè)證，八級考試關(guān)系到找工作，寫作課教師也希望學生在寫作項目考試中得高分。于是，大部分時間都圍繞四、八級考試進行。學生熟悉了框架形式、套路，只注意與過級考試相關(guān)的寫作形式與技巧，不善于觀察生活和知識積累，因此也就談不上運用所學的知識表達思想、分析問題和解決問題了。
2.寫作教材的適用性。我國大學英語專業(yè)的寫作教學一直缺少一套較為完整，由淺及深，循序漸進，適合現(xiàn)實各個階段教學需要的教材。基礎英語寫作教材的范例雖多，但語言過于淺顯，有些內(nèi)容較貼近生活，但實用性和趣味性還有待提高；課后練習多為圍繞四、八級考試出題，學生“見多了”正式考題，對此類寫作練習，缺乏動力，且練習都未附參考答案，使師生課后沒有參閱的標準；畢業(yè)論文一章，在二年級開始講授，引不起學生的共鳴，一來是學生忙于考級，論文不是重點，二來時間尚早，缺乏一個過渡期，無法形成理性認識。
3.學生基本功較差又缺乏實踐。學生習慣于讓老師灌輸詞匯句型，不愿意動腦筋積極思考，寫出來的東西用詞不貼切，語法不規(guī)范，行文不順暢，缺乏邏輯性、無條理。眾所周知，寫作不僅在于語言文字的組織，更多的功夫在于知識積累和文化素質(zhì)，這方面的提高對于學生更為重要。然而，待學生忙完了四、八級考試轉(zhuǎn)入論文寫作的時候，才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沒有做好這方面的準備，無論是題目、提綱還是摘要、引言、參考文獻，從形式到內(nèi)容腦子里一片空白。雖說在之前的寫作課上，這些內(nèi)容都講過，但當時不是學習重點，而且沒有親自實踐過程，學生不知所措，無從下手。
三、英文寫作課的定位
1.專時專用，突出目標。將四、八級考試及畢業(yè)論文寫作分階段進行，形成層次。在基礎英語寫作階段，集中實現(xiàn)兩個公認的目標：提高英語寫作能力和順利通過四、八級考試。將教材中傳統(tǒng)的寫作技巧中的精華部分及增加的課外內(nèi)容邊講授邊加入寫作實踐，從而更加強調(diào)寫作的動態(tài)過程和學習者創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)揮。畢業(yè)論文指導要作為一門課程開設，專門講授學術(shù)論文的研究方法，這樣不僅為學生的四年學業(yè)成就提供展示的機會，而且為將來的學習和工作打下良好的基礎。
2.注重實際，精講多練。有效克服教材的不足，從實際出發(fā)，為我所用，可適當放棄一些高深的章節(jié)，并增加一些循序漸進的內(nèi)容，保證穩(wěn)步提高。針對學生存在的諸多問題，在講授詞匯、語法、句法方面多做有益的練習，盡量找生動、學生易犯的大量的中式英語的例子，使學生在談笑間能將其錯誤牢記在心。而大量的練習能給學生留下長久的印象。這樣既提高了四、八級成績，又有助于學生寫作能力的提高，更重要的是提升了跨文化交際意識。
3.發(fā)動學生，互幫互進。由于教師的精力有限，可適時適量地發(fā)動學生互評作業(yè)，學生自己能夠解決的問題自己解決。同學間同級互評能幫助學生增強讀者意識，降低寫作焦慮，彌補自己寫作中的不足。首先，互評可增加其詞匯量，正反兩方面的評價有益于所有學生作文水平的提高。其次，學生能夠通過討論互評首先成為一個頭腦敏銳、豐富的讀者、聽眾，然后成為一個思路清晰、能寫出好文章的作者。
這樣，教師不再是作為唯一的“讀者”去評判學生的作品。全班同學在教師的幫助下，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并能表達出問題的所在。最終學生對評判自己的作品的內(nèi)容的表達方面也更加敏銳，并能更好地修正自己的作品，學生會很快地從評判活動中看到益處，也會把大家對自己作品的評價作為提高文章水平的重要的參考資料。其實，這不僅解決了日常教學中的問題，而且培養(yǎng)了學生嚴謹治學的良好習慣。總而言之，對英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文反映出來的問題要認真研究，其中英文寫作課的教學任務極為關(guān)鍵，通過調(diào)查研究與實踐相結(jié)合，不斷探索，希望能夠提高學生的論文本論文由無憂論文由寫作能力。
參考文獻：
［1］程杰.合理利用文獻［J］.廣東工業(yè)大學學報，2004，06.第四卷增刊：148
論文致謝一：
Itisasignificantandunforgettableexperienceformetospendsuchalongtimeonwriting，modifyingandpolishingthisthesis.Manykind-heartedpeoplegivemeagreatamountofhelp，professionaladviceandencouragement.Thus，hereIwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetothem.
Firstofall，IwillshowmysincerethankstomysupervisorProfessorJiaAiwuwhohasgivenmeinvaluableguidanceandconstantsupportandencouragementthroughoutthewholeprocesses.DuringmystudyofEnglisheducationinthistwoahalfyearsandthewittingofthisthesis，shehasalwaysbeengeneroustooffermeusefulsuggestions，answermyquestionanddiscussresearchquestionswithme.Herdetailguidanceandhelpfulcommentsonmythesisencouragemetoovercomedifficultiesandthinkmorecriticallyduringtheprocessesofwriting.
Secondly，IwillalsoexpressmysinceregratitudetootherprofessorandteacherswhohadgivemeconstructivesuggestiontomythesisandthankstothemforinstructingmetoconstructmyknowledgeinEnglishteachinginthepasttwoandahalfyears.
Thirdly，Iwanttothankallmyaffectionateclassmatesandfriends.Duringthetwoahalfyears'studyandthewritingofthisthesis，theyhavegivenmealotofsupportandencouragementintheirownways.
Atlast，Iwillgivethedeepestgratitudetomyfamilyfortheirregretlesssupportandlovetome.
論文致謝二：
Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor，ProfessorJiaAiwu.Ihavebenefitedtremendouslyfromhercriticalthinkingandinsightfulviewpoint.Throughhispatientinstruction，Ifinallyfocusedontheobjectstudiedinthisthesis，andobtainedvaluableadviceonaspectsrangingfromframeworkconstructinganddatacollectiontoelaboratedanalysis.
Secondly，I'mprofuselygratefultomyrespectedpredecessorsandteachers.
Withouttheirprecioussuggestions，Icouldnothavecomethisfarinthisthesis.
Moreover，Iowemythankstomyfamilyandfriends，whohavealwayssupportedmewiththeirgenerousencouragementsandpraises.
Lastbutnotleast，Isincerelythankmyfellowclassmates.Wesharejoysandanxieties，whichpropelsusforwardtogetherthroughoutthearduousjourney.
論文致謝三：
Theaccomplishmentofthisthesishascoveredhalfayear，sexperimentandanotherhalfayear'sanalysis.Itcannotbedeniedthatwholeprocessisquitetough.Despitealltheproblemsduringresearchandlimitations，thethesisfinallycomesintobeing.However，thiscannotbeachievedwithoutthehelpofmanypeople.
Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketogivemysinceregratitudetomydistinguishedandrespectablesupervisor，Prof.QiYuanfang，forhisall-alongsupportsduringnotonlytheresearchprocess，butthewholepost-graduateyear.Heistheonewhogivesmeinspirationofthethesistopic，enlightensmeempiricalmethodhelpsmeconductteachingexperiment，andinstructsmeanalyzingapproaches.Ihavetosaythatthisthesisisbornfromhisinsightfulinstructionsandwarmencouragement.
Secondly，IalsoownmyappreciationtoProf，Gongrongwhogivesmealotofinspiration，insightfuladviceandinstructions.
Andalso，thisthesiscannotbeaccomplishedwithoutteachersofForeignLanguagesSchoolwhoimpartknowledgetomeandclassmateswhooffermehelp.
Lastbutnotleast，Iwouldliketoextendmythankstothestudentsparticipatinginthisresearchfortheirpatientcorporation.
論文致謝四：
IwouldliketodedicatemypapertoallthosewhohaveofferedmetremendousassistanceduringthethreeyearsinZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics.
Firstofall，myheartiestthanksflowtomysupervisor，ProfessorCaoDaogen，forhishelpfulguidance，valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Hisprofoundinsightandaccuratenessaboutmypapertaughtmesomuchthattheyareengravedonmyheart.Heprovidedmewithbeneficialhelpandofferedmepreciouscommentsduringthewholeprocessofmywriting，withoutwhichthepaperwouldnotbewhatitisnow.
Also，Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversitythatgreatlybroadenedmyhorizonandenrichedmyknowledgeinmystudy.Theirinspirationalandconscientiousteachinghaveprovidedmewithafirmbasisforthecomposingofthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvaluetomyfutureacademicresearch.
Mythanksalsogotothescholarswhosemonographsandacademicpapershaveenlightenedmeinthewritingofthispaper.
Finally，Iwouldliketoextendmydeepgratefulnesstomyfamilyandfriends，especiallymythreeroommates，ChenLinghua，GongShaandHuangJin，whoseencouragementandsupporthavemademyaccomplishmentspossible.
論文致謝五：
ThisthesiswouldnotcomeintobeingifIhadnotreceivedhelpfrommysupervisor，teachers，classmates，andfamily.Theyofferedmesomuchencouragement，withoutwhichIcouldhavealreadygivenup.ButbeforeIexpressmysincerestgratitudetothem，IwouldthankmyGod.ItwasalwaysHewhofirstcametohelpmewhenmyfaithwasinfluencedbyBlake'sunorthodoxtheologicalthinking.AgainitwasHewhogavemewisdomandpatiencetodowhateverIdidforhisglory.
“Whateveryourhandfindstodo，doitwithallyourmight.”(NIV，Ecclesiastes9：10)AndhereistheprayerwhenIwasinthevalleyofdespair：“MaythefavoroftheLordourGodrestuponus；establishtheworkofourhandsforus-yes，establishtheworkofourhands.”(Psalm91：17)ItisHisfaithfulnessandunfailinglovethaturgedmetowritethethesiswithallmymight.
MysupervisorXuXiaodongdidoffermesomuchhelpthatIfeelsogratefultohim.Hehaslentmeoverthirtyvaluablemonographs，biographies，anthologies，andcollectionsofessays.Nearlyallofthebookswereboughtfromabroadathisownexpense.Hisferventloveforliterature，hisrelentlesspursuitofknowledge，andhismeticulousattitudetowardsresearchmanifestthepersonalitiesandqualitiesIshouldcultivateasaqualifiedscholar.WheneverIsenthimanarticlehealwaysgavemeprecioussuggestionsthatreallyimprovedmycriticalthinkingalot.FormanytimesIfailedtokeepmypromise，heforgavemeandkeptencouragingmetopursuemystudies.Igivemymostgenuinelygratitudetohimforhisgeneroushelp.
Besidesmysupervisor，Ihavebenefitedfrommanyotherteachers.Prof.ZhangRuwen，Prof.YiJianhong，Prof.JiangYuebin，SunJiurongandWeiLina，theyhavetaughtmemanycriticalapproachesandbroadenedthescopeofmyknowledgeinvariousfieldsofliterature.Moreover，Iwouldliketoextendmygratitudetomyclassmatesandroommates.Theytaughtmehowtobalancestudyandrest.Ialsothankmyfamily，especiallymysister，whocametomyschoolmanytimestovisitme.
Hersupportandcomfortgavememuchstrength.
要
隨著居民生活水平的不斷提升以及消費意識的不斷轉(zhuǎn)變，我國商業(yè)銀行個人信貸業(yè)務也隨之呈現(xiàn)出蓬勃發(fā)展的勢頭，其在商業(yè)銀行業(yè)務中的比重不斷上升，已經(jīng)成為了其盈利的主要來源之一。個人信貸業(yè)務的市場規(guī)模以及發(fā)展前景使得眾多商業(yè)銀行紛紛在該領(lǐng)域展開廝殺，不過個人信貸業(yè)務在我國還屬于一個相對新生的事物，其發(fā)展歷程很短，商業(yè)銀行還沒有形成一套完整的風險控制體系，結(jié)果商業(yè)銀行在信貸業(yè)務領(lǐng)域的快速擴張放大了個人信貸業(yè)務的風險，為商業(yè)銀行個人信貸業(yè)務的健康發(fā)展蒙上了一層陰影。如何在個人信貸業(yè)務的快速發(fā)展以及風險控制之間尋找到一個平衡點，確保個人信貸風險控制在一定的范圍之內(nèi)正在不斷的考驗著商業(yè)銀行管理者的經(jīng)營智慧。本文以個人信貸業(yè)務風險控制為寫作主線，綜合運用文獻研究、對比研究等方法，在借鑒個人信貸業(yè)務風險管理領(lǐng)域最新研究成果的基礎之上，提出了我國商業(yè)銀行個人信貸業(yè)務風險控制的有效對策，希望能夠給我國個人信貸業(yè)務的健康發(fā)展帶來有益的思考。
本文共分為五個章節(jié)，第一章為引言，主要對文章的研究背景與意義、國內(nèi)外研究文獻、研究思路以及結(jié)構(gòu)等三個內(nèi)容進行闡述。第二章為相關(guān)概念以及理論，重點對個人信貸業(yè)務的概念、個人信貸業(yè)務的特征、作用以及個人信貸風險理論等進行了論述總結(jié)。第三章為我國商業(yè)銀行個人信貸業(yè)務發(fā)展歷程與現(xiàn)狀，本章回顧了我國個人信貸業(yè)務的發(fā)展歷程，并對目前個人信貸業(yè)務中存在的風險以及風險成因進行了挖掘分析。第四章為商業(yè)銀行個人信貸風險國際經(jīng)驗的借鑒，這一章對一些發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)的個人信貸風險的控制進行了系統(tǒng)的數(shù)理分析，并從中提煉出來了一些值得我國商業(yè)銀行借鑒的經(jīng)驗。第五章為個人信貸風險控制的對策討論，在借鑒相關(guān)國家和地區(qū)個人信貸風險控制經(jīng)驗的基礎之上，提出了從信用環(huán)境以及內(nèi)部管理兩個視角的具體策略。文章整個內(nèi)容遵循了提出問題、分析問題以及解決問題的具體思路，根據(jù)這一思路進行相關(guān)內(nèi)容的組織以及安排，力求做到文章結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯合理，內(nèi)容完善。
關(guān)鍵詞：個人信貸；風險控制；成因；策略
Abstract
With the continuous change of rising living standards and consumption consciousness, personal credit business of commercial banks in China also shows the rapid development momentum, and its proportion in the commercial banking business rising, has become one of the main source of profit. Personal credit business market and development prospect of so many commercial banks in the field of the fighting started, but personal credit business in our country is a relatively new thing, its history is very short, the commercial bank has not formed a set of complete risk control system, the rapid expansion in credit business of commercial banks field amplified the personal credit risk, for the healthy development of the commercial bank personal credit business cast a shadow on the. How to find a balance point between the rapid development of personal credit business and risk control, to ensure that the personal credit risk control in a certain range are constantly testing the commercial bank administrator management wisdom. According to the personal credit business risk control as the main method of writing, the integrated use of literature research, comparison research, based on the latest research results in the field of credit risk management, puts forward effective countermeasures of personal credit business of our country commercial bank risk control, the hope can give the healthy development of China's consumer credit business has the beneficial thinking.
This paper is divided into five chapters, the first chapter is the introduction, three main contents of the research background and significance, the domestic and foreign research literature, research ideas and structure are described in detail. The second chapter is the related concept and theory, focusing on the concept of personal credit business, personal credit business characteristics, functions and the personal credit risk theory are discussed in this paper summary. The third chapter is the development history and present situation of personal credit business of commercial banks in China, this chapter reviews the development process of the personal credit business in China, and the personal credit business of the risks and risk analysis of mining. The fourth chapter is the experience of the international commercial bank personal credit risk control reference, this chapter of some developed countries and areas of the credit risk analysis system of mathematics, and to refine out some worthy of our country commercial bank experience. The fifth chapter to discuss the Countermeasures of personal credit risk control, on the basis of personal credit risk control experience to learn from other countries and regions, the specific strategy of credit environment and internal management of the two perspective. The whole content follows the problem, analysis problem and the specific idea to solve the problem, relevant content according to this train of thought, organization and arrangement, and strive to achieve the logical structure of reasonable, perfect.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2
2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1．Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳頭產(chǎn)品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳頭產(chǎn)品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年紡織品和服裝出口經(jīng)驗，質(zhì)量第一，信譽第一，友情第一，重合同，守信用，始終如一。(ex.cn)
Original version：Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version：The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中國馳名商標”、“中國名牌”、“國家免檢產(chǎn)品”和“國家出口商品免驗”等榮譽于一身的特步(中國)有限公司，位于福建省泉州市經(jīng)濟技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version：Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version：Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean？As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龍的傳人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龍” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龍” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外貿(mào)企業(yè)為龍頭” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 該廠能生產(chǎn)大衣、西裝、時裝、襯衣、毛衣等不同類型服裝用的上千個花色品種的紐扣，產(chǎn)品規(guī)格齊全，品種繁多，造型新穎。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version：The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version：The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 進入新世紀后，娃哈哈已擁有了雄厚的產(chǎn)品自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力，在雄厚的資金保障下，通過引進國際最先進的生產(chǎn)設備技術(shù)，進行消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新，使公司擁有強大的核心競爭能力。同時，通過自主開發(fā)營養(yǎng)快線等系列創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品，廣開銷路，實現(xiàn)科學發(fā)展，行業(yè)龍頭地位日益穩(wěn)固。目前，娃哈哈正在不斷擴大投資規(guī)模，不斷自主創(chuàng)新，向著世界500強企業(yè)的目標闊步前進！(劃線部分為錯誤點）(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新”,“自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 東方機械位于風景秀麗、物產(chǎn)豐富、經(jīng)濟發(fā)達、文化繁榮，素有江南“魚米、皮革之鄉(xiāng)”美稱的錢塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish，Rice and Leather"，with beautiful scenery，rich products，flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”（we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初，公司為滿足國內(nèi)市場對專用車的需要，及時調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)并成立的專用車公司，在做穩(wěn)、做強客車的同時，投巨資實施專用車項目，精心打造有洛陽宇通特色的專用車產(chǎn)品，本著“低端切人、高端占領(lǐng)”的原則，經(jīng)過精心籌備，四大系列產(chǎn)品即混凝土攪拌車系列、散裝水泥車系列、加油車系列、灑水車系列一經(jīng)投放市場，便以其全新的設計、優(yōu)美的造型、細膩的工藝贏得了市場的青睞。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引進大量的科技管理人才,成立“真愛集團人才聯(lián)誼會” 形成“重知識，重人才” 的良好氣氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)醫(yī)德醫(yī)風
Medical ethics
(2)全體員工精誠團結(jié)，上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策，下有下策，有令不行，有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“風”. The Chinese“精誠團結(jié)”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“進入飯店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “進入飯店，帶來…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始終堅持以“質(zhì)量為本，科技創(chuàng)新，優(yōu)質(zhì)服務，環(huán)保產(chǎn)品”為發(fā)展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功電子” 以擁有您的支持而自豪，并有信心通過我們不斷的努力使您以使用“成功電子” 產(chǎn)品而驕傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自創(chuàng)辦以來,不斷擴大規(guī)模,更新產(chǎn)品的種類。歡迎各中外客商前來共創(chuàng)商機! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)品廣泛用于通訊設備、家用電器、儀器儀表、數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品行業(yè)、電子玩具以及工業(yè)自動化設備等各種領(lǐng)域, 在電子行業(yè)有很高的聲譽。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘揚、推廣中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化和與之相結(jié)合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有關(guān)部門指定為外交部國禮系列圖書國內(nèi)外主要發(fā)行單位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果園占地面積20 畝,花園式布局,生產(chǎn)車間4800m²,設有原料、粗加工、成品、包裝、冷藏、鍋爐等生產(chǎn)車間。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本單位)成立于1988年,是經(jīng)國家建設部批準,專業(yè)從事地基與基礎工程施工的壹級企業(yè)。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重視對員工隊伍素質(zhì)的培訓工作,專門成立了人力資源部,對員工進行操作技術(shù)、專業(yè)技能、安全生產(chǎn)、市場意識、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量等方面的培訓。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年順利通過ISO9001: 2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認證，形成了一套完整的質(zhì)量保障體系，2002年11月被中國輕工業(yè)質(zhì)量認證中心授予 “環(huán)保陶瓷”稱號。(.cn/)
Original version：the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認證，“環(huán)保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5．Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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誠 信 承 諾
我謹在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《外貿(mào)公司網(wǎng)站英譯研究之目的論視角》均系本人獨立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實，后果由本人承擔。
論文的集體指導主要在畢業(yè)論文著手寫作前以講座的形式進行。集體指導有以下幾種方式,即以年級為單位的指導,以班級為單位的指導,以小組（論文答辯分組）為單位的指導和以指導老師為單位的指導等。其中,以年級和班級為單位的指導可由教研室選派科研能力強、指導經(jīng)驗豐富的老師主講;以小組為單位的指導主要由答辯小組內(nèi)部安排個別指導老師來完成;以指導老師為單位的指導主要由指導老師本人對所帶的學生進行集體指導。在指導內(nèi)容上,主講教師可結(jié)合自己的經(jīng)驗,就學術(shù)論文的性質(zhì)、功能、寫作的意義、選題、材料的收集、論文的寫作規(guī)范等方面向?qū)W生予以解釋說明。具體而言,集體指導主要涉及以下幾個方面:
（1）認識指導
盡管畢業(yè)論文寫作是本科教學計劃中的一個重要實踐環(huán)節(jié),但仍有部分學生對其重視不夠。許多同學不了解畢業(yè)論文寫作的性質(zhì)和意義,認為其可由可無,此外,由于就業(yè)壓力增大,學生忙于求職,也忽略了論文的寫作。所以,教師在指導的過程中,應首先端正學生對畢業(yè)論文寫作的認識,使其能意識到畢業(yè)論文寫作的重要性,以積極的態(tài)度投入到畢業(yè)論文寫作中來。
（2）過程指導
畢業(yè)論文寫作是個系統(tǒng)工程,涉及寫前、寫中和寫后三個階段。在寫前準備中,教師應就材料的收集與整理以及文獻檢索的方法進行指導;在寫中階段,應就論文寫作的謀篇構(gòu)思、正文的常用結(jié)構(gòu)、引文的規(guī)范、參考文獻的格式等予以解釋說明;在寫后階段應強調(diào)論文的修改和潤色,使文章更加銜接與連貫,以適應本校的論文寫作規(guī)范。
（3）寫作方法指導
學生畢業(yè)論文的選題可謂多種多樣,會包括諸如語言學類、文學類、教學法類、翻譯類和應用類等選題.在集體指導的過程中,教師應就不同類別畢業(yè)論文的寫作方法予以簡單介紹,使學生對所屬類別論文的寫作方法有初步認識。
2、個別指導
個別指導主要是指導老師對自己所指導的學生一對一的、有重點的指導。如果說集體指導主要是宏觀指導的話,那么個別指導主要是微觀方面的指導。教師給予學生的,只能是方向、方法和寫作技巧上的指導,而不是有關(guān)選題的全部資料、知識和論點⑥。個別指導也可以涉及集體指導的內(nèi)容,但更應強調(diào)對學生論文框架、語言、格式和規(guī)范等方面的指導。
（1）選題指導
我們倡導學生自主選題,但并非自由選題,學生選題的過程中離不開教師的指導。選題是否合適決定了最后的論文是否能夠?qū)懞?因此,要加強學生選題時的主體意識,要求學生選擇自己感興趣而且有能力完成的題目,提倡“小題大做”,老師既要當好參謀,又要尊重學生的選擇。
（2）資料選擇指導
資料是完成論文的基礎。指導教師應對學生搜集資料提供指導和幫助,應根據(jù)學生的選題提出搜集材料的具體要求和方法。學生搜集的材料應做到“全”和“新”,應在占有資料的基礎上著手論文的寫作。只有掌握大量的資料,了解所選題目的研究現(xiàn)狀,才能深入分析,提出自己的觀點,做到有所創(chuàng)新。
（3）開題指導
開題報告中學生必須提出論文的基本框架,論文的層次和結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理取決于論文的架構(gòu)是否恰當。在寫開題報告前,指導教師必須要求學生廣泛、深入地查閱與選題相關(guān)的資料。通過查閱資料,學生可以了解學術(shù)界對自己所要論證的問題都有哪些觀點,已經(jīng)得出了什么結(jié)論,自己從中發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么問題,對這些問題有什么看法等等。這樣做,一方面可以了解自己選題的背景,避免了重復勞動;另一方面,在占有材料的過程中,也能做到有所發(fā)現(xiàn),為創(chuàng)新提供了可能。指導教師要確認論文結(jié)構(gòu)的合理性、論證方法的可行性、完成論文的可能性,在確定不存在任何問題的情況下,指導老師可以和學生進行討論,力求達到論文的結(jié)構(gòu)合理,論點突出,論據(jù)詳實,邏輯性強。
（4）初稿審查
學生在完成初稿后,指導教師要進行審查。在審查之前,教師必須清楚了解與選題相關(guān)的已有的研究,以便確認學生是否有抄襲、重復的行為。如有,則要求學生重寫,絕不能姑息;若沒有,指導老師要認真審查,大到觀點是否正確、論據(jù)是否充足,小到遣詞造句是否準確、行文是否銜接與連貫。還要重點審查文章的規(guī)范性,包括格式、引文和參考文獻等。英語專業(yè)的畢業(yè)論文在內(nèi)容上應該包括封面、原創(chuàng)聲明及版權(quán)協(xié)議、致謝、英文摘要及關(guān)鍵詞、中文摘要及關(guān)鍵詞、目錄、正文和參考文獻。論文封面要寫明學校、中英文題目、作者、學院、專業(yè)、指導老師和完成日期.封面中論文題目中文在前、英文在后,要注意簡約精煉,字數(shù)控制在20以內(nèi)。致謝（Acknowledgements）:致謝頁放在摘要前,應用英文撰寫。主要內(nèi)容為感謝導師和在論文寫作中,對自己有過幫助的人士和單位,以示尊重他人的勞動。摘要（Abstract）:在英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文中,英文摘要在前,中文摘要在后。摘要的語言要精煉;摘要概括了研究的整體狀況,主要包含六個結(jié)構(gòu)要素:主題闡述（topicspecification）、背景信息（backgroundinformation）、目的陳述（purposestate-ment）、方法論和語料（methodologyanddata）、研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)（resultsorfindings）和研究所帶來的啟示或結(jié)論（implicationsorconclusions）⑦。關(guān)鍵詞（Keywords）:關(guān)鍵詞是為了文獻索引便于從論文中選取出用以表示全文主題內(nèi)容的單詞或術(shù)語。每篇論文選取3-5個詞作為關(guān)鍵詞,按詞條的外延層次排列（外延大的排在前面）。關(guān)鍵詞另立一行排在摘要下面。目錄（Contents）:目錄按三級標題編寫,要求標題層次清晰.目錄中的標題要與正文中標題一致。目錄中應包括致謝、英文摘要、中文摘要、前言、論文主體、結(jié)論、參考文獻等。論文正文（Body）:正文是畢業(yè)論文的主體和核心部分,—般應包括前言、論文主體及結(jié)論等部分。論文正文部分字數(shù)在4000-5000字。前言用中文書寫,應說明本選題的意義、目的、研究范圍及要達到的要求;簡述本選題在國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展概況及存在的問題;說明本選題的指導思想;闡述本選題應解決的主要問題。論文主體是畢業(yè)論文的主要部分,應該結(jié)構(gòu)合理,層次清楚,重點突出,文字簡練、通順.結(jié)論是畢業(yè)論文的總結(jié),是整篇論文的歸宿。要求精煉、準確地闡述自己的創(chuàng)造性工作或新的見解及其意義和作用,還可進一步提出需要討論的問題和建議。在正文中,引用別人的觀點要注明出處。引用分直接引用和間接引用，直接引用的文字要加引號，引文采取夾注的方式,夾注內(nèi)容包括引文作者的姓和出版年份以及其它能幫助檢索引文出處的信息。這三項內(nèi)容可以根據(jù)行文需要或融入論文的句子中,或另列在括號里。參考文獻（References）:參考文獻為論文正文引用的文獻,是畢業(yè)論文不可缺少的組成部分,它反映畢業(yè)論文的取材來源、材料的廣博程度和材料的可靠程度。它不僅能反映一種治學態(tài)度,在一定程度上也表明作者的水平。從參考文獻中大致可看出作者研究的范圍、重點、方法、知識結(jié)構(gòu)、挖掘的深與淺以及論文的質(zhì)量。英語專業(yè)學生畢業(yè)論文中的英文參考文獻和中文參考文獻應分別歸類排列,英文在前,中文在后.英文的參考文獻按作者姓名的英文字母順序排列;中文的按照作者姓名的拼音字母數(shù)序排列。在論文寫作中,確切表達自己的觀點與準確引用別人的話是同等重要的。因此,一定要恪守學術(shù)論文的文體與格式規(guī)范.Slade⑧認為,文體規(guī)范包括詞匯、語調(diào)、語氣、簡潔、時態(tài)、句型、排比、邏輯、連貫和無偏見的語言等方面;格式規(guī)范包括拼寫、縮寫、斜體、大寫規(guī)則、標題、數(shù)字和符號等。學生在寫作的過程中應予以注意和重視。關(guān)于引文和參考文獻的規(guī)范化問題反映了學生的寫作態(tài)度,也是論文評價的一個重要方面。指導老師在具體的指導過程中,要使學生明確和重視引文出處的標注方式、文獻的排序、標點符號、文獻標識、大小寫、期刊頁碼表示等。為使學生少走彎路,在論文寫作之初就應該加強這方面的教育。教師最好與學生面對面交流,指出需要修改的地方,指導學生對文章進行修改與潤色。在初稿審查后,還應對二稿、三稿等進行再檢查。科學的指導可以幫助學生排除在論文寫作程中的模糊認識、克服焦慮和浮躁的情緒,提高指導工作的效率,避免事倍功半,從而切實可行地一步一步地改進和完成論文。
（5）答辯指導
學生是否能通過答辯,論文的質(zhì)量將起到?jīng)Q定性的作用。當然,這也與學生的心理素質(zhì)有很大的關(guān)系。心理素質(zhì)好的學生,臨場應變能力和融會貫通能力都會強一些。在論文答辯階段,教師的指導作用也很重要。在答辯前,指導教師要幫助學生做好答辯前的準備工作。教師可以就論文內(nèi)涵及外延等提出一些相關(guān)問題讓學生去思考,必要時可以幫助學生分析。要讓學生充分掌握論文的內(nèi)涵問題,了解論文的外延問題,同時還要注意培養(yǎng)學生的應答能力。論文答辯實質(zhì)上也是檢驗和提高學生綜合素質(zhì)的重要環(huán)節(jié),指導教師應給予重視。總之,論文寫作是個過程,教師的指導也蘊含于寫作過程之中,并與論文寫作相輔相成。當然,教師的指導只是影響論文質(zhì)量的其中一個因素。
3、結(jié)語
1、找個自己感興趣的翻譯領(lǐng)域，如文學翻譯，詩歌，小說之類、公示語翻譯、新聞翻譯、科技翻譯；
2、在這個領(lǐng)域里找一個合適的話題，比如，要寫文學翻譯的話，可以找一本感興趣的，有中英文的書籍，對這本書的翻譯做一個多譯本的比較、對這本書出現(xiàn)的某些詞匯和表達法的翻譯做一個總結(jié)，探究翻譯規(guī)律，如有人對《紅樓夢》里食物、服飾、詩歌等等的英文翻譯做一個總結(jié)和鑒賞、對不好的譯本。反面教材做一個翻譯失誤的分析；
3、讓現(xiàn)實照進夢想，在有了想法之后，分析其可能性，被前人寫濫了的，已經(jīng)有權(quán)威研究的，最好不要去挑戰(zhàn)，除非從一個新的視角去做研究，不落前人窠臼，參考文獻太少的不要寫，本科畢業(yè)論文不具有太大的權(quán)威性，必須得有足夠的文獻做支撐；
4、所選的題目不能跟本學校歷屆翻譯方向論文的題目、研究內(nèi)容雷同；
［關(guān)鍵詞］應用型本科;畢業(yè)論文改革;課程設置;撰寫形式
［中圖分類號］H193．6［文獻標識碼］A［文章編號］1672－8610(2016)01－0132－03
本科畢業(yè)論文是實現(xiàn)本科培養(yǎng)目標要求的重要教學環(huán)節(jié)，也是檢驗學生綜合素質(zhì)與實踐能力培養(yǎng)效果的手段，還是評價學校教育質(zhì)量和辦學水平的重要標尺。獨立學院作為我國高等學校本科辦學模式的新生力量，主要以培養(yǎng)素質(zhì)高、能力強、會創(chuàng)新、能創(chuàng)業(yè)的高級應用型人才為目標。畢業(yè)論文反映獨立學院內(nèi)涵建設的水平，關(guān)系學校的辦學聲譽和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
一、問題的提出與研究現(xiàn)狀
目前，我國高校大部分獨立學院都以“應用型”作為人才培養(yǎng)主要目標之一，課程設置方面也在一定程度上做出了與母體學校相區(qū)別的設置，但在畢業(yè)論文這一環(huán)節(jié)卻多半沒有明顯的區(qū)分度，尤其是文科語言類的專業(yè)，依然以撰寫學術(shù)論文的形式存在。學習過程中側(cè)重實踐與應用，但在畢業(yè)論文環(huán)節(jié)又繞回到了重理論與學術(shù)研究的狀態(tài)，此種矛盾不僅困擾了眾多的學生，也令許多論文指導老師一籌莫展。學生在撰寫畢業(yè)論文的過程中困難重重，較常見的問題有:科研經(jīng)驗不足、科研興趣偏低、選題困難、難以創(chuàng)新等。論文指導老師抱怨較多的方面則是:學生邏輯論證能力差、閱讀量太少、科研語言表達能力欠缺、學術(shù)論文格式規(guī)范度不高、畏難情緒嚴重、主動性不夠等。從師生兩方面反映的困難不難看出，諸多問題的存在與課程設置、學習過程中缺乏與撰寫學術(shù)論文相應的支撐有密切關(guān)系。也可以理解為:畢業(yè)論文的撰寫形式與培養(yǎng)過程中重實踐與應用的模式不匹配。為此，相繼有學者對獨立學院的本科畢業(yè)論文改革展開研究。在知網(wǎng)的搜索顯示，關(guān)于本科畢業(yè)論文改革的文章，以“獨立學院畢業(yè)論文”為關(guān)鍵詞的論文有22篇，時間段集中在2008年至2014年，平均每年為3．6篇。而以“獨立學院英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文”為關(guān)鍵詞的有關(guān)論文為3篇，研究角度集中在寫作過程調(diào)查、問題與對策等方面。有青年學者提出以配音講解作品替代學術(shù)論文的做法。［1］147－150也有學者認為畢業(yè)論文要與社會接軌。［2］123甚至還有學者對畢業(yè)論文與實習和就業(yè)一體化模式進行了探討，主張畢業(yè)論文的選題與學生實習、就業(yè)緊密相關(guān)外，還提出學生可用外語類職業(yè)資格證書、國家級競賽獲獎證書等方式申請免撰寫畢業(yè)論文。［3］99－102與此相對應的，公立院校針對本科畢業(yè)論文改革進行研究的論文則高達上萬篇，時間也要久遠得多，有專門針對理工科專業(yè)的，如《電子信息專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革實踐》［4］84－87，也有專門針對文科專業(yè)的，如《畢業(yè)論文改革:高校新聞本科教育改革的切入點》。［5］110－112姑且不論獨立學院是20世紀80年代的新生事物，但相關(guān)研究論文絕對量較少，是否就意味著獨立學院畢業(yè)論文改革的重要性偏低，必要性不具備呢?答案是否定的。課題小組以南國商學院英語類本科專業(yè)2013屆、2014屆和2015屆連續(xù)三屆畢業(yè)生為研究對象開展的重點校級課題中所采集的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示:應用型本科學生的畢業(yè)論文改革勢在必行。
二、項目研究設計
本課題的目的在于結(jié)合學校英語類本科專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的現(xiàn)實情況，提出改革的方案，進行改革實踐，推動獨立學院本科畢業(yè)論文科學發(fā)展。據(jù)此，特擬定了如下研究內(nèi)容:一是審視學校的人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標，究其是否與經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展需求相吻合;二是考察本專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案，看其中的課程設置是否與學生必須具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和能力結(jié)構(gòu)相沖突。三是采取試驗實踐的方法，了解學生對其他形式的畢業(yè)設計是否感興趣，具體做法包括:引導學生在大學期間積極寫作，爭取在省級及以上刊物公開;鼓勵翻譯專業(yè)的學生從事翻譯實踐并撰寫翻譯體會;提倡商務英語專業(yè)的學生開展市場調(diào)查并撰寫調(diào)研報告;幫助英語專業(yè)的學生從事跨文化比較研究。
三、項目研究過程與研究結(jié)果
本課題研究的過程是通過審視學校人才培養(yǎng)方案和培養(yǎng)目標、考察專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案和開展為期三年的試驗實踐的方式進行，最終通過分析試驗和調(diào)查問卷數(shù)據(jù)，得出研究的結(jié)果。
(一)研究過程
1．審視學校人才培養(yǎng)方案和培養(yǎng)目標。審視學校的人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標，究其是否與經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展需求相吻合。學校以“通基礎、精專業(yè)、強外語、重實踐”為人才培養(yǎng)模式，致力于培養(yǎng)“應用型、復合型、外向型”人才。可見，在培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標方面總體上符合地區(qū)經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展對獨立學院人才培養(yǎng)的期望。2．考察專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案。考察本專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案，看其中的課程設置是否與學生必須具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和能力結(jié)構(gòu)相沖突。2013屆的英語專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案中，在三年級之前閱讀和寫作課程分別開設了兩個學期，之后再無寫作課程。也就是課程設置中并無有關(guān)學術(shù)論文寫作的課程，但學生畢業(yè)之時要求撰寫畢業(yè)論文。2014屆和2015屆的人才培養(yǎng)方案中，閱讀和寫作課程依然在低年級各開設了兩個學期，但在三年級第二學期均開設了文獻檢索與論文寫作課程。這意味著學生剛開始學習如何撰寫學術(shù)論文就要開始撰寫畢業(yè)論文了。此外，學校本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)工作管理辦法中明確規(guī)定了論文指導老師的職責和畢業(yè)論文的格式等主要內(nèi)容，可以理解為撰寫學術(shù)論文是完成畢業(yè)論文的唯一形式。顯然，專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案中的課程設置與畢業(yè)檢測形式不匹配，與應用型人才的培養(yǎng)目標不一致。3．開展畢業(yè)論文改革實踐。針對人才培養(yǎng)方案的不足，在畢業(yè)論文論文撰寫階段采取試驗實踐的方法，幫助學生開展不同形式的論文撰寫，突出實踐性和應用性。一是引導學生在大學期間積極寫作，爭取在省級及以上刊物公開。凡是在本學科省級(含以上)刊物發(fā)表文章、譯文的，且文章字數(shù)與畢業(yè)論文字數(shù)相當(約5000字)，無論文章使用的語言是中文還是英文，只要在答辯前出刊，均可直接參與全英文答辯。選擇公開的同學在開題時填寫《本科畢業(yè)設計計劃書》，內(nèi)容要素與畢業(yè)論文開題報告書有較大不同，內(nèi)容有“擬撰寫字數(shù)”、“論文內(nèi)容概要”、“擬發(fā)表刊物等級”和“進程安排”等方面。計劃書通過后，在論文指導老師的引導下，完成論文的撰寫與發(fā)表，最后經(jīng)學院學術(shù)委員會審定能達到畢業(yè)論文要求的，允許參與答辯。二是鼓勵翻譯專業(yè)的學生從事翻譯實踐并撰寫翻譯體會。翻譯專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)目標是培養(yǎng)能熟練使用翻譯工具，能夠勝任不同文體文本的筆譯、口譯工作的應用型高級專門人才。由此可見，翻譯是畢業(yè)生必備的技能，鼓勵學生從事翻譯實踐無疑具有很強的職業(yè)預備性。翻譯資料的方式可以是中譯英，也可以是英譯中，原始翻譯資料的總字數(shù)需達到3000字以上。譯文被公司采納的學生，需結(jié)合翻譯實踐撰寫2000字左右的全英文論述文章，經(jīng)論文指導老師審定合格后，可以憑借書面的采納證明申請參與全英文答辯，答辯時還需提供翻譯原件和譯稿。選擇從事翻譯實踐的同學在開題時填寫《本科畢業(yè)設計計劃書》，計劃書的內(nèi)容要素有翻譯類型選擇“英譯中/中譯英”、翻譯字數(shù)選擇“1500字漢譯英+1500字英譯漢/3000字漢譯英/3000字英譯漢”、“擬翻譯的內(nèi)容概要”和“翻譯公司的相關(guān)信息”(需提供相關(guān)證明材料)。三是提倡商務英語專業(yè)的學生開展市場調(diào)查并撰寫調(diào)研報告。商務英語專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)目標是培養(yǎng)能在國際環(huán)境中熟練使用英語從事經(jīng)貿(mào)、管理、金融等領(lǐng)域商務工作的應用型高級專門人才。而近年來對畢業(yè)生就業(yè)開展的跟蹤調(diào)查表明:有相當一部分畢業(yè)生會從事與市場有關(guān)的工作。因此本項目提倡學生結(jié)合專業(yè)實習撰寫有關(guān)的調(diào)研文章或論述文章，且字數(shù)、文章質(zhì)量與畢業(yè)論文相當時，經(jīng)審定能達到畢業(yè)論文要求的，視為完成畢業(yè)論文，最后參與全英文答辯。在此過程中，選擇撰寫調(diào)研報告的同學在開題時填寫《本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)開題報告》，與撰寫普通學術(shù)論文相同，但要求學生通過制定調(diào)查問卷，收集下翔實的數(shù)據(jù)，文中就調(diào)查問卷所取得的數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析，得出相關(guān)結(jié)論，且調(diào)查問卷需附在正文之后，供答辯小組成員參考。四是幫助英語專業(yè)的學生從事跨文化比較研究。根據(jù)人才培養(yǎng)方案的要求，英語專業(yè)的學生需具有較強的英語語言運用能力和跨文化交際能力，因此，通過適度的問卷調(diào)查從事跨文化比較研究也是比較貼近實際、提升學生語言運用能力的手段之一。對三屆畢業(yè)生的選題進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，在導師的指導下，大量學生從事跨文化比較研究，類似的選題如:《英漢廣告幽默文化對比》《中美災難文化價值觀異同》《中美商務談判文化風格差異對比》和《中美企業(yè)文化差異對比》等。事實上，這些選題被學生認為易于撰寫，并且完成得較好。五是告知學生還可用反映本科畢業(yè)研究水平的其他形式替代畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。其他與專業(yè)相關(guān)的創(chuàng)新設計，字數(shù)、質(zhì)量與畢業(yè)論文相當，經(jīng)審定達到畢業(yè)論文要求的形式均可由學生開展。如與在省級(含以上)刊物公開相當?shù)挠兄鞒只蛘邊⑴c省級大學生創(chuàng)新項目;與參與翻譯實踐相當?shù)挠袇⒓邮〖?含以上)口、筆譯大賽并獲獎;通過國家級職業(yè)資格證書考試等等。視具體情況，由學生提出申請，學院學術(shù)委員會討論通過，經(jīng)審定合格的，均可視為達到畢業(yè)論文的水平。
(二)研究結(jié)果
1．改革實踐數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計。2013級305名畢業(yè)生中，有4人參與了翻譯實踐，占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的1．3%。2014屆200名畢業(yè)生中，共有42人參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐。其中7人在公開刊物，占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的3．5%;35人從事翻譯實踐，占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的17．5%。參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐的學生總體比例為21%。2015屆290名畢業(yè)生中，共有66人參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐，其中2人在公開刊物上發(fā)表文章，占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的0．6%，51人從事翻譯實踐，占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的17．6%，15人進行調(diào)查研究，占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的5%，參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐的學生總體比例為23．3%。三年的數(shù)據(jù)表明，參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐的學生絕對人數(shù)及比例呈逐年上升趨勢。2．問卷調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)分析。由于2015屆為學院迄今為止畢業(yè)生人數(shù)較多、參與畢業(yè)論文改革人數(shù)最多的年級，故選擇作為本次問卷調(diào)查的對象。問卷以不定項選擇題和開放式問答題的形式，就“獨立學院的大學生有無必要完成畢業(yè)論文?”，“畢業(yè)論文撰寫方面遇到何種問題?”，以及“最希望以何種形式完成畢業(yè)論文?”等十項內(nèi)容進行調(diào)查。經(jīng)過對調(diào)查問卷收集的數(shù)據(jù)進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn):學生普遍承認完成畢業(yè)論文是必要的、的確有利于綜合素質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)、也有利于科研能力的提升，并且對于英語表達能力的培養(yǎng)也有明顯幫助;但資料貧乏、科研經(jīng)驗不足、語言表達跟不上和難以創(chuàng)新凸顯了教學與檢測的不對接。絕大部分學生認為現(xiàn)有的畢業(yè)論文形式的確需要進行改革，要實現(xiàn)教學內(nèi)容與畢業(yè)檢測的全面對接;有學生認為實踐能力遠比科研能力重要，學校需要對所開的專業(yè)課程進行相應改變以對接畢業(yè)論文改革。且不論學生看問題有無偏頗，從對人才培養(yǎng)方案的考察來看，學生要求教學內(nèi)容與畢業(yè)檢測對接的要求無疑是正確的。3．有待解決的問題。研究中反饋的問題包括三個方面:第一，在省級(含以上)刊物公開的學生均是使用中文撰寫，雖然答辯時使用的是英文，但并不能完全說明其使用英文撰寫畢業(yè)論文的能力也達到了相應的水平。是否要求學生在省級(含以上)刊物發(fā)表全英文的文章還有待進一步商榷。第二，根據(jù)論文指導老師的反饋，從事翻譯實踐的同學所翻譯的譯文初稿水平并不能達到相應要求，都需要指導老師的大力修改方能達到公司期望的水準。雖說在反復修改的過程中，學生的翻譯能力也會因此而提高，但指導老師認為譯稿的最終水平并非學生真實翻譯能力的體現(xiàn)。如果委托公司借此聘用學生擔任正式的翻譯，日后在無教師指導下的翻譯水平能否保證還有待考證。第三，暫時還未對反映本科畢業(yè)研究水平的其他形式進行實踐研究，也沒有學生提出相關(guān)置換申請。課題組成員認為，畢業(yè)檢測的形式應該沒有窮盡。從研究的結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于以“應用型”作為人才培養(yǎng)主要目標之一的獨立學院的英語類專業(yè)學生而言，雖然更看重自身實踐能力的培養(yǎng)，但恰當?shù)目蒲袑τ谔岣咂渚C合的語言能力和研究能力有著不可或缺的作用。有關(guān)教學與檢測對接問題的探索，不僅需要在課程設置方面開展研究，也需要在畢業(yè)論文的撰寫形式方面積極改革，更需要對不同形式的畢業(yè)檢測進行利弊分析，力爭使教學過程與教學檢測相一致，理論學習與實踐應用相一致，在校學習與求職就業(yè)相一致，最終實現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文撰寫形式多樣化、方式合理化、效果顯著化的目標，提高獨立學院的本科人才培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量。
【參考文獻】
［1］郭慶，黃運婷．英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革的研究與實踐［J］．太原師范學院學報(社會科學版)，2013(3)．
［2］奚道同，等．民辦高校畢業(yè)論文(設計)改革方向研究［J］．山西財經(jīng)大學學報，2013，35(1)．
［3］王淼．獨立學院英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文、實習、就業(yè)一體化模式探索［J］．海外英語，2014(6)．
［4］成強，張奇惠．電子信息專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革實踐［J］．紹興文理學院學報，2010，30(7)．
這個肯定是啊。其實我們說說的影評是影視作品評論。或者叫影視作品分析。而重點在評論，分析上。所以就要以議論文的形式才能表述的清晰明確。如果是散文形式，你可以在中間描述方面寫的優(yōu)美一點。但是大體一定要是議論文的形式。有主題論點，分論點，論據(jù)。一般是從故事情節(jié)，線索，人物，聲畫等方面分析。例舉語文說明文，議論文，散文的常考題型，只要寫解題格式，盡可能多有關(guān)中考閱讀的答題格式和技巧（說明文，議論文，散文）都要高考作文寫議論文好還是散文好topik中級作文一般讓寫記敘文還是議論文還是說明文還是散文啊?高考作文為什么老師都要求寫議論文，我從來都不會寫．
英語畢業(yè)論文的格式 還有提綱的格式
similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, . And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是詩人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）為序號排列，直至最后一個例子；而①, ②則為腳注或尾注的上標序號)3. The differences between English idioms a．英語畢業(yè)論文提綱格式英語畢業(yè)論文開題報告提綱怎么寫英語畢業(yè)論文的提綱，幫忙~急。小學生學習英語興趣 畢業(yè)論文提綱英語畢業(yè)論文提綱我是英語專業(yè)的 要寫畢業(yè)論文了 請幫忙提供下論文的格式 比如分幾部分什么的
《體育科學》雜志的論文格式是怎么樣的？
DB/OL——聯(lián)機網(wǎng)上的數(shù)據(jù)庫 DB/MT——磁帶數(shù)據(jù)庫 M/CD——光盤圖書 CP/DK——磁盤軟件 J/OL——網(wǎng)上期刊 EB/OL——網(wǎng)上電子公告3)參考文獻的格式 參考文獻條目列于文末。其格式為： a. 專著、論文集、學位論文、研究報告： [序號]作（編）者. 題名[文獻類型標識]. 出版地: 出版者，出版年. 示例：[1]錢仁平.中國小提琴音樂[M].長沙:湖南文藝出版社,2001. b. 期刊文章： [序號]作者. 題名[J]. 刊名，年，卷（期）：起止頁碼. 示例： [2]陳鴻鐸.談馬勒《第一交響樂》．和論文一樣嗎我想知道要投稿林副特產(chǎn)雜志 詳細的論文格式要求在工業(yè)類雜志上投稿的論文格式（范文）請教，國外（英文）SCI雜志論文投稿流程、格式和注意事項發(fā)表在期刊雜志上的論文的格式有一個體育國際論壇 要求投稿論文的格式參照《體育科學》雜志的論文格式 但是我又找不．
一、論文寫作目的:
畢業(yè)論文是商務英語專業(yè)教學計劃的最后一個環(huán)節(jié)，也是對學生2年半學期各門課程學習效果的檢查.其主要目的是:
1、培養(yǎng)學生的英語閱讀、寫作能力及運用商務知識分析問題和解決問題的能力，達到學以致用的目的。
2、檢查學生對所學專業(yè)理論知識和基本技能的掌握程度，并將論文成績作為學生能否畢業(yè)的主要依據(jù)之一。
3、訓練學生搜集運用資料的技能，同時培養(yǎng)學生理論聯(lián)系實際，增強獨立思考問題和解決問題的能力。
二、 論文寫作要求:
1、以英文/漢語完成論文寫作。
2、字數(shù)要求不低于3000個單詞或字， 統(tǒng)一采用A4(210x297mm)頁面復印紙單面打印.其中上邊距2.8cm，下面距2.5cm，左邊距2.5cm，右邊距2.5cm，頁眉1.6cm頁腳1.5cm裝訂線0.5cm.字間距為標準，行間距為1.25倍行距.頁眉內(nèi)統(tǒng)一為:用5號宋體
3、論文的內(nèi)容要與本專業(yè)所要求的知識和技能相結(jié)合，要求論述者閱讀一定量的英文和中文資料，能夠?qū)λ械馁Y料進行合理刪減、組織和編輯，掌握論文撰寫的結(jié)構(gòu)與布局。要求語言流暢，層次清晰，論點明確，論據(jù)充分。具有以下特性:
1) 科學性:觀點正確，論據(jù)充分可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，能反映出學生對本學科知識系統(tǒng)掌握的程度及其某一問題有較深理解很認識
2) 實用性:選題應該具有現(xiàn)實意義和學術(shù)價值，應該體現(xiàn)出分析問題解決問題的能力水平
3) 邏輯性:論證應該有力，層次應該分明，邏輯應該嚴密，結(jié)構(gòu)應該完整合理
4) 技術(shù)性:應該具有收集整理運用材料的能力，語言表達應該清晰準確，格式應該規(guī)范
4、寫作時間安排:
1月14日:學生與導師見面選題和開題
1月15日-3月25日學生寫作，提交提綱，初稿，導師修改并將完成情況向系里匯報
3月31號前根據(jù)導師的修改意見完成第二稿交導師修改
4月7號前完成定稿并按照要求打印裝訂成冊.打印3份，交系里2份
4月8號-4月13號準備答辯，原則上采用英語答辯
2007年4月14號論文答辯，原則上采用英語答辯
5:論文成績評定:采用5級記分制，及優(yōu)秀，良好，中等，及格和不及格五等.其中優(yōu)秀沒，良好等次的人數(shù)分別按不高于15%，20%的比例評定.終結(jié)成績必須經(jīng)指導老師學院畢業(yè)論文指導小組認定.
6:特別說明:
畢業(yè)論文寫作是嚴肅的事情.嚴禁抄襲剽竊他人論文.一經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)此次論文成績判為0分.
三、 論文選題方向:
1、商務英語教學改革的方向，途徑，課程設置等
2、商務英語教學在新形勢下的影響和意義;
3、我國貿(mào)易的現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展方向
4、商務英文翻譯技巧;
5、江西招商引資探討及其對策
6.WTO保護期過后對我國的影響;
四、 論文設計與擬定的程序:1、指導教師的幫助下，根據(jù)本指導書提供的選題范圍，從中選擇論文方向，確定題目。(注:選擇其他的題目，需與指導教師商議確定)
2、 搜尋與本人論文題目相關(guān)的資料，文獻，形成論文大綱，注意論文結(jié)構(gòu)安排的合理性。
3、 論文結(jié)構(gòu):包括題目，中英文摘要和關(guān)鍵詞，目錄和正文. 詳見后面附件
附件1:
外語系英語專業(yè)(高職)畢業(yè)論文選題(商英專業(yè))
1. 《商務英語課程設置的探討》
2. 《跨文化因素對英漢翻譯的影響》
3. 《商務英語的特點及翻譯技巧》
4. 《商務英語函電在對外貿(mào)易中的作用》
5. 《單證員在國際貿(mào)易中的地位》
6. 《商務英語函電翻譯技巧》
7. 《商務談判中英語的重要性》
8. 《淺談出口結(jié)匯風險的防范》
9. 《中國退稅制度的改革及其影響》
10. 《商標名稱的翻譯與策略》
11. 《外貿(mào)企業(yè)信用風險管理與控制》
12. 《2007年外資銀行在我國本土注冊探討》
13. 《我國利用國際貸款/國際援助現(xiàn)狀分析》
14. 《WTO與我國反傾銷探討》
15. 《我國對外直接投資之現(xiàn)狀》
16. 《內(nèi)陸地區(qū)對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展策略研究》
17. 《中印兩國兩國對外貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)略分析》
18. 《人民幣升值對我國出口貿(mào)易的影響》
19. 《淺談商務英語寫作時避免修飾語錯位的方法》
20. 《商務函電翻譯的用詞技巧》
21. 《外商直接在華投資探討》
22. 《社會文化遷移對中國式英語的影響》
23. 《我國外貿(mào)出口品牌戰(zhàn)略的實施與研究》
24. 《商務英語專業(yè)口語課程教學探討》
25. 《入世對我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的影響與對策研究》
26. 《應對經(jīng)濟全球化，加快我國企業(yè)跨國經(jīng)營》
27. 《英語寫作中常見中式英語分析》
28. 《入世商務英語寫作的研究》
29. 《制單工作在國際結(jié)算中的地位》
30. 《關(guān)稅壁壘與非關(guān)稅壁壘探討》
31. 《淺談實質(zhì)利益談判法》
32. 《國際電子商務發(fā)展面臨的新問題》
33. 《商務英語寫作中的錯誤與商務英語寫作教學之間的關(guān)系》
34. 《清算所在期貨市場上的地位》
35. 《跨國公司在華擴張模式透析》
36. 《漢譯英中遇到新詞語的譯法問題》
37. 英漢互譯中詞義的不對應(文化意義、風格意義、修辭意義等)
38. 我國市場經(jīng)濟國家地位與反傾銷
39. 如何防范信用證詐騙
40. 我國中小企業(yè)開拓國際市場之探討
41. "10+1"自由貿(mào)易區(qū)未來前景展望
42. 漢語中新詞匯的翻譯技巧
43. 商務英語的特征與翻譯
44. 珠江三角洲外貿(mào)現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題
45. 南昌現(xiàn)利用外資縱談
46. 廣州/深圳等地區(qū)三資企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)分析
47. 淺談廣州等地區(qū)外貿(mào)企業(yè)的困境與出路
48. 淺談廣州等地區(qū)出口產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的市場分布
49. 商務英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)生就業(yè)崗位之探討
50. 單證員跟單員等資格證書現(xiàn)狀思考
51. 禮儀在商務談判中的作用
52. 跨國公司的本土化經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略及其實施
53. 中國在亞洲區(qū)域合作中的地位和作用
54. 延長我國加工貿(mào)易國內(nèi)價值鏈問題探析
55. 中國貿(mào)易的現(xiàn)狀和前景
56. 我國西部地區(qū)引進外資問題研究
57. 人民幣業(yè)務對外開放之探討
58. 淺談涉外合同英語特色
59. 海外投資與出口貿(mào)易的相互關(guān)系
60. 文化和地理因素對外商在中國直接投資的影響
61. 綠色壁壘對關(guān)稅壁壘的替代效應研究
62. 新貿(mào)易保護主義的政策調(diào)整與我國貿(mào)易發(fā)展
63. 貿(mào)易磨檫及其解決機制研究
64. UCP600-信用證領(lǐng)域的新規(guī)則探討
65. 論的適用范圍及總則
66. 淺談下賣方的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)擔保義務
67. 我國紡織業(yè)出口競爭秩序現(xiàn)狀分析與對策探討
68. 淺談來料加工與進料加工的利弊
69. 經(jīng)紀傭金商或場內(nèi)經(jīng)紀人在期貨交易中的地位
70. 淺談商檢證書在國際貿(mào)易中的作用
附件2 開題報告格式
商務學院
高職畢業(yè)設計(論文)開題報告
題目名稱: 中國家庭企業(yè)管理創(chuàng)新研究
題目性質(zhì):
研究論文
學生姓名:
XXX
專
業(yè):
工商管理
學
院:
XXXX
年
級:
04級
指導教師:
XXX
一、
選題背景
隨著我國經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展，以家族企業(yè)為主的民營企業(yè)也得到了快速發(fā)展和壯大，在國民經(jīng)濟中發(fā)揮了越來越重要的作用。但是，與此同時，我國的家族企業(yè)也暴露出越來越多的問題，如家長式的管理方法、企業(yè)基礎管理制度不健全和后續(xù)發(fā)展無力等諸多問題。這些問題不僅制約著我國家族企業(yè)的發(fā)展壯大，而且嚴重影響到我國經(jīng)濟的健康快速的發(fā)展，因此，研究我國現(xiàn)階段家族企業(yè)如何進行管理創(chuàng)新，以最大限度地調(diào)動家族企業(yè)員工的積極性，從而實現(xiàn)家族企業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素優(yōu)化配置，促進家族企業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展已顯得尤為緊迫。
二、研究的基本內(nèi)容，擬解決的主要問題、研究步驟、方法
本文從我國家族企業(yè)的實際情況出發(fā)，以管理創(chuàng)新的理論為指導，對我國家族企業(yè)如何進行行之有效的管理創(chuàng)新進行深入地研究。首先評述了國內(nèi)外學者對家族企業(yè)管管理創(chuàng)新含義的不同看法，提出了家族企業(yè)管理創(chuàng)新的含義、構(gòu)成要素及內(nèi)在機理，認為我國家族企業(yè)進行管理創(chuàng)新的有效性在于有利于更好地實現(xiàn)家族企業(yè)的經(jīng)營目標，有利于充公調(diào)動企業(yè)員工尤其非家族成員的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。
其次，分析了我國現(xiàn)階段家族企業(yè)管理創(chuàng)新的現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題，指出了我國家族企業(yè)管理模式存在諸多不足，如在管理創(chuàng)新過程中仍然存在家長式?jīng)Q策、缺乏戰(zhàn)略管理和基礎薄弱等諸多問題，所有這些在客觀上要求創(chuàng)建一種新的管理模式以促進家族企業(yè)健康快速發(fā)展。
再次，要創(chuàng)建一種適合我國家族企業(yè)實情的管理模式，就必須全面準確地把握好我國家族企業(yè)所面臨的外部環(huán)境。因此，本文指出了我國家族企業(yè)開展管理創(chuàng)新面臨著外部環(huán)境的特殊性和復雜性。
三、研究工作進度
1、教師報題(2006.11.1----11.15)
2、網(wǎng)上公布畢業(yè)設計題目和指導教師(2006.11.20)
3、學生選題(2006.11.20---12. 15)
4、落實任務(學生與導師見面，交電子郵箱地址)(2006.12. 1---12. 25)
5、學生上交開題報告(紙字稿)(2006.12.25----2007.1.15)
6、中期論文檢查(交電子稿) (2007.4月1日前)
7、論文上交(紙字稿附電子稿)(2007.4.15----2007.5.1)
8、07屆畢業(yè)設計答辯(評定學生成績)(2007.6月初)
9、07屆優(yōu)秀論文評定(2007.6.15)
10、07屆優(yōu)秀論文匯報會(2007.6下旬)
四、主要參考文獻
[1]顧文靜，溫州民營企業(yè)實行委托---制的障礙分析，經(jīng)濟管理。2002.2
[2]甘德安，中國家族企業(yè)研究，中國社會科學出版社，2002年版
[3]苒明杰，管理創(chuàng)新，上海譯文出版社，1997年版
